Thalia
of no other animal. You find in a hare's belly, at one and the same
time, some of the young all covered with fur, others quite naked,
others again just fully formed in the womb, while the hare perhaps has
lately conceived afresh. The lioness, on the other hand, which is
one of the strongest and boldest of brutes, brings forth young but
once in her lifetime, and then a single cub; she cannot possibly
conceive again, since she loses her womb at the same time that she
drops her young. The reason of this is that as soon as the cub
begins to stir inside the dam, his claws, which are sharper than those
of any other animal, scratch the womb; as the time goes on, and he
grows bigger, he tears it ever more and more; so that at last, when
the birth comes, there is not a morsel in the whole womb that is
sound.
Now with respect to the vipers and the winged snakes of Arabia, if
they increased as fast as their nature would allow, impossible were it
for man to maintain himself upon the earth. Accordingly it is found
that when the male and female come together, at the very moment of
impregnation, the female seizes the male by the neck, and having
once fastened, cannot be brought to leave go till she has bit the neck
entirely through. And so the male perishes; but after a while he is
revenged upon the female by means of the young, which, while still
unborn, gnaw a passage through the womb, and then through the belly of
their mother, and so make their entrance into the world. Contrariwise,
other snakes, which are harmless, lay eggs, and hatch a vast number of
young. Vipers are found in all parts of the world, but the winged
serpents are nowhere seen except in Arabia, where they are all
congregated together. This makes them appear so numerous.
Such, then, is the way in which the Arabians obtain their
frankincense; their manner of collecting the cassia is the following:-
They cover all their body and their face with the hides of oxen and
other skins, leaving only holes for the eyes, and thus protected go in
search of the cassia, which grows in a lake of no great depth. All
round the shores and in the lake itself there dwell a number of winged
animals, much resembling bats, which screech horribly, and are very
valiant. These creatures they must keep from their eyes all the
while that they gather the cassia.
Still more wonderful is the mode in which they collect the
cinnamon. Where the wood grows, and what country produces it, they
cannot tell- only some, following probability, relate that it comes
from the country in which Bacchus was brought up. Great birds, they
say, bring the sticks which we Greeks, taking the word from the
Phoenicians, call cinnamon, and carry them up into the air to make
their nests. These are fastened with a sort of mud to a sheer face
of rock, where no foot of man is able to climb. So the Arabians, to
get the cinnamon, use the following artifice. They cut all the oxen
and asses and beasts of burthen that die in their land into large
pieces, which they carry with them into those regions, and Place
near the nests: then they withdraw to a distance, and the old birds,
swooping down, seize the pieces of meat and fly with them up to
their nests; which, not being able to support the weight, break off
and fall to the ground. Hereupon the Arabians return and collect the
cinnamon, which is afterwards carried from Arabia into other
countries.
Ledanum, which the Arabs call ladanum, is procured in a yet
stranger fashion. Found in a most inodorous place, it is the
sweetest-scented of all substances. It is gathered from the beards
of he-goats, where it is found sticking like gum, having come from the
bushes on which they browse. It is used in many sorts of unguents, and
is what the Arabs burn chiefly as incense.
Concerning the spices of Arabia let no more be said. The whole
country is scented with them, and exhales an odour marvellously sweet.
There are also in Arabia two kinds of sheep worthy of admiration,
the like of which is nowhere else to be seen; the one kind has long
tails, not less than three cubits in length, which, if they were
Saturday, November 18, 2006
Laudanum (# than ladanum,labdanum)
Laudanum
From LoveToKnow 1911 : http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Laudanum
LAUDANUM, originally the name given by Paracelsus to a famous medical preparation of his own composed of gold, pearls, &c. (Opera, 1658, i. 492/2), but containing opium as its chief ingredient. The term is now only used for the alcoholic tincture of opium (q.v.). The name was either invented by Paracelsus from Lat. laudare to praise, or was a corrupted form of "ladanum" (Gr. X 5avov, from Pers. ladan), a resinous juice or gum obtained from various kinds of the Cistus shrub, formerly used medicinally in external applications and as a stomachic, but now only in perfumery and in making fumigating pastilles, &c.
From LoveToKnow 1911 : http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Laudanum
LAUDANUM, originally the name given by Paracelsus to a famous medical preparation of his own composed of gold, pearls, &c. (Opera, 1658, i. 492/2), but containing opium as its chief ingredient. The term is now only used for the alcoholic tincture of opium (q.v.). The name was either invented by Paracelsus from Lat. laudare to praise, or was a corrupted form of "ladanum" (Gr. X 5avov, from Pers. ladan), a resinous juice or gum obtained from various kinds of the Cistus shrub, formerly used medicinally in external applications and as a stomachic, but now only in perfumery and in making fumigating pastilles, &c.
Perfumery and ladanum
Perfumery and ladanum
http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/perfumery.htm
In ancient times the valuable aromatic gum ladanum was gathered manually from Cistus creticus subsp. creticus, especially in Crete and Cyprus. The gum is exuded from glandular hairs on the leaves and young stems, especially under hot sunshine. It was gathered by allowing goats to graze on and among the plants; the ladanum adhered to their beards, which were then cut off. Alternatively a device called a ladanisterion or ergastiri, with long thongs of leather, was drawn over the plants by hand during the hottest part of the day, when the ladanum was at its runniest and stickiest.. The leather thongs became caked with ladanum, which was then scraped off and formed into lumps of various shapes. A very small amount of ladanum is still gathered in this traditional way in a small area surrounding a village in northern Crete.
The modern perfume industry extracts its ladanum from a different species, Cistus ladanifer, whose leaves and young stems are covered with the very sticky gum. The industry is centred in Spain, close to the north-eastern corner of Portugal and a small area in southern France. Young stems are mechanically harvested from the plants and subjected to industrial processes to extract the gum and refine it in various ways.
Three main processes produce a) Oil of Ladanum, b) Concrete or Absolute of Ladanum and c) Labdanum Resinoid or Resinol.
Perfumers classify ladanum as an "amber" odour. It commands a very high price. It is rich, long-lasting and widely used as a fixative, as well as for its own fragrance.
N.B. There is no connection with laudanum!
ladanum in bible
LADANUM (CTAKTH [ADEFL], RESINA),
Gen. 37251 (
name of a resin called by the Arabs Lidhan or ladan‘
which was yielded by some species of Cistus. It was
known to the Greeks as early as the times of Herodotus
and Theophrastus by the names X+Sov, hdSuvov, and
h.?Suvor, which are very closely allied to the Arabic
name.
Ladanum is described by Herodotus (3 1x2) as particulaFly
fragrant, though gathered from the beards of goats, on which
it is found sticking ; similarly Dioscorides (1 128). Tournefort,
in modern times (Voyage, 129)) has given a detailed description
of the mode of obtaining ladanum. He relates that it is now
gathered by means of a Aasavronjpmv or kind of flail2 with
which the plants are threshed. When these thongs are
loaded with the fiagrant and sticky resin they are scraped
with a knife. the substance is then roiled into a mass,
in which state‘it is called ladanum or labdanum. Ladanum
consists of resin and volatile oil, and is highly fragrant, and
stimulant as a medicine but is often adulterated wlth sand in
commerce. The ladan& which is used in
chiefly in the Greek isles, and also in continental
is yielded by species of the genus Cistus (especially by C.
weticus) which are known in this country by the name of Rock
Rose ; they are natives of the S. of Europe, the
islands, and the N. of Africa. According to Tristram (FFP
235) Palestinian ladanum is derived from Cisfus villosus L.,
which grows ‘in the hill district; E. and W. of Jordan,’ ahd is
‘especially plentiful on
a varietyof this and distinguished by its yiscidity, is fthe
common formon the southern hdls.’ [Fonck thmks of the C~strrs
salv’uifoo(ius, which is also plentiful on
but H. Christ (ZDPV 65fi [1899]) questions this identification.]
Ladanum is said by Pliny. as it was long before said by
Herodotus, to be a product of
been proved to be the case in modern times. Enoi~gh,
however, has been adduced to show that Zadanum was
known to, and esteemed by, the ancients ; and, as it is
1 According to Moidtmann and Muller (Sub. Dfnk. 84) the
ZEdhan is the proper Arabic form derived from Persian.
2 Specimens of the implement can be seen in the Museum at
Kew (Crete and
Page 2692
stated to have been a product of
likely to have been sent to
as merchandise. The word Zridan is found in the inscription
on a S. Arabian censer (Sa6. Denk. 84). and
in Assyrian in the list of objects received as tribute from
Damascus byTiglath-Pileser 111. (KA TC2) 151, 18). The
biblical narrative (J) shows that was some precious
gum produced in Canaan or at least in
See Royle's article ' Lot' in Kitto's Bibl. Cycl., on which this
article is mainly based. N. M.-W. T. T.-
page 2963
http://www.case.edu/univlib/preserve/Etana/encyl_biblica_l-p/laadah-lazarus.pdf
Myrrh
Myrrh - Heb. mor.
(1.) First mentioned as a principal ingredient in the holy anointing oil (Ex. 30:23). It formed part of the gifts brought by the wise men from the east, who came to worship the infant Jesus (Matt. 2:11). It was used in embalming (John 19:39), also as a perfume (Esther 2:12; Ps. 45:8; Prov. 7:17). It was a custom of the Jews to give those who were condemned to death by crucifixion "wine mingled with myrrh" to produce insensibility. This drugged wine was probably partaken of by the two malefactors, but when the Roman soldiers pressed it upon Jesus "he received it not" (Mark 15:23). (See GALL .)
This was the gum or viscid white liquid which flows from a tree resembling the acacia, found in Africa and
(2.) Another word lot is also translated "myrrh" (Gen. 37:25; 43:11; R.V., marg., "or ladanum"). What was meant by this word is uncertain. It has been thought to be the chestnut, mastich, stacte, balsam, turpentine, pistachio nut, or the lotus. It is probably correctly rendered by the Latin word ladanum, the Arabic ladan, an aromatic juice of a shrub called the Cistus or rock rose, which has the same qualities, though in a slight degree, of opium, whence a decoction of opium is called laudanum. This plant was indigenous to
http://www.htmlbible.com/kjv30/easton/east2632.htm
Myrrh
NET Glossary: a reddish-brown resinous material, the dried sap of the myrrh tree, Commiphora myrrha or Balsamodendron, an ingredient of perfumes and incense highly prized in ancient times and often worth more than its weight in gold; myrrh was also used as an ingredient in embalming ointment
Myrrh [EBD]
Heb. mor. (1.) First mentioned as a principal ingredient in the holy anointing oil (Ex. 30:23). It formed part of the gifts brought by the wise men from the east, who came to worship the infant Jesus (Matt. 2:11). It was used in embalming (John 19:39), also as a perfume (Esther 2:12; Ps. 45:8; Prov. 7:17). It was a custom of the Jews to give those who were condemned to death by crucifixion "wine mingled with myrrh" to produce insensibility. This drugged wine was probably partaken of by the two malefactors, but when the Roman soldiers pressed it upon Jesus "he received it not" (Mark 15:23). (See GALL.)
This was the gum or viscid white liquid which flows from a tree resembling the acacia, found in Africa and
(2.) Another word lot is also translated "myrrh" (Gen. 37:25; 43:11; R.V., marg., "or ladanum"). What was meant by this word is uncertain. It has been thought to be the chestnut, mastich, stacte, balsam, turpentine, pistachio nut, or the lotus. It is probably correctly rendered by the Latin word ladanum, the Arabic ladan, an aromatic juice of a shrub called the Cistus or rock rose, which has the same qualities, though in a slight degree, of opium, whence a decoction of opium is called laudanum. This plant was indigenous to
Myrrh [NAVE]
MYRRH, a fragrant gum. A product of the
One of the compounds in the sacred anointing oil, Ex. 30:23.
Used as a perfume, Esth. 2:12; Psa. 45:8; Prov. 7:17; Song 3:6; 5:13.
Brought by wise men as a present to Jesus, Matt. 2:11.
Offered to Jesus on the cross, Mark 15:23.
Used for embalming, John 19:39.
Traffic in, Gen. 37:25; 43:11.
MYRRH [SMITH]
This substance is mentioned in (Exodus 30:23) as one of the ingredients of the "oil of holy ointment:" in (Esther 2:12) as one of the substances used in the purification of women; in (Psalms 45:8; Proverbs 7:17) and in several passages in Canticles, as a perfume. The Greek occurs in (Matthew 2:11) among the gifts brought by the wise men to the infant Jesus and in (Mark 15:23) it is said that "wine mingled with myrrh" was offered to but refused by, our Lord on the cross. Myrrh was also used for embalming. See John 19;39 and Herod. ii. 86. The Balsamodendron myrrha , which produces the myrrh of commerce, has a wood and bark which emit a strong odor; the gum which exudes from the bark is at first oily, but becomes hard by exposure to the air. (This myrrh is in small yellowish or white globules or tears. The tree is small, with a stunted trunk, covered with light-gray bark, It is found in Arabia Felix. The myrrh of (Genesis 37:25) was probably ladalzum , a highly-fragrant resin and volatile oil used as a cosmetic, and stimulative as a medicine. It is yielded by the cistus , known in Europe as the rock rose, a shrub with rose-colored flowers, growing in
MYRRH [ISBE]
MYRRH - mur:
(1) (mor or mowr; Arabic murr]): This substance is mentioned as valuable for its perfume (Ps 45:8; Prov 7:17; Song 3:6; 4:14), and as one of the constituents of the holy incense (Ex 30:23; see also Song 4:6; 5:1,5,13). Mor is generally identified with the "myrrh" of commerce, the dried gum of a species of balsam (Balsamodendron myrrha). This is a stunted tree growing in Arabia, having a light-gray bark; the gum resin exudes in small tear-like drops which dry to a rich brown or reddish-yellow, brittle substance, with a faint though agreeable smell and a warm, bitter taste. It is still used as medicine (Mk 15:23). On account, however, of the references to "flowing myrrh" (Ex 30:23) and "liquid myrrh" (Song 5:5,13), Schweinfurth maintains that mor was not a dried gum but the liquid balsam of Balsamodendron opobalsamum.
See BALSAM.
Whichever view is correct, it is probable that the smurna, of the New Testament was the same. In Mt 2:11 it is brought by the "Wise men" of the East as an offering to the infant Saviour; in Mk 15:23 it is offered mingled with wine as an anesthetic to the suffering Redeemer, and in Jn 19:39 a "mixture of myrrh and aloes" is brought by Nicodemus to embalm the sacred body.
(2) (loT, stakte; translated "myrrh" in Gen 37:25, margin "ladanum"; 43:11): The fragrant resin obtained from some species of cistus and called in Arabic ladham, in Latin ladanum. The cistus or "rock rose" is exceedingly common all over the mountains of
E. W. G. Masterman
http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=Myrrh
Ladanum (Cistus incanus L.)
“Take some of the choice fruits from the land, and carry them down as a present to the man—a little balm and a little honey, gum, myrrh, pistachio nuts and almonds”
The balm mentioned in Genesis is thought to be ladanum, a sturdy shrub that adorns the hills beside the
The Rockroses by Ken Montgomery
all the article and a lot of other types of ladanum in link : http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/plants/cistuskm.html
The Rockroses
by Ken Montgomery
I confess to a love affair with rockroses that
has lasted almost thirty years. These fascinating
and extraordinarily beautiful plants bring a long
list of desirable qualities to the world of
horticulture.
Most rockroses are extremely drought-tolerant.
Once established they require minimal irrigation in
the dry season and can contribute significantly to
water conservation efforts. Gernerally speaking,
these shrubs are cold-hardy to temperatures as low
as 5°F., adaptable to a wide range of soils and
microclimates, easy to grow and maintain and
resistant to serious pests and diseases. Many have
extensive root systems, making them useful in
stabilizing slopes and controlling soil erosion.
They provide cover for wildlife and are compatible
with [California] native vegitation. At the same
time, they are not invasive and pose a minimal
threat of spreading into natural areas and becoming
pests. Low-growing kinds are somewhat
fire-retardant and many others are unpalatable to
deer.
The common name "rockrose" referes most
often to the members of three closely related
genera - Cistus, Halimium, and Halimiocistus.
These groups are classified together in the family
Cistaceae along with sunroses (Helianthemum).
Rockroses are so called because their flowers
resemble single, old-fashioned roses (although
they are unrelated) and because they prefer to
grow in rocky, well-drained soil. They are
evergreen strongly woody shrubs, varying in
height from two to over eight feet and from three
to more than six feet across. Some sprawl on the
groun, while others are open, erect and rangy.
These are not plants for formal, highly structured
gardens. Even with moderate pruning, rosroses
have a wild, undomesticated look in the landscape.
They bloom most heavily in the spring, with some
species beginning as early as March. Each flower
lasts only a few hours but many kinds bloom so
profusely that the entire plant is covered with
hundred of new blossoms each day. Colors range
from white and many shades of pink and
lavender-pink in Cistus to white and yellow in
Halimium. Flowers of some rockroses also have a
showy red to maroon spot or blotch at the base of
each petal, offering stunning contrasts to the
numerous bright yellow stamens at the center.
All rockroses are native to lands surrounding
the Mediterranean Sea. They are adapted to long,
hot, dry summers - the same conditions found in
much of California. As we begin facing the reality
of a semi-arid Mediterranean climate here in
California, the use of appropriate plants in our
gardens and landscape takes on increasing
importance. In this context, rockroses are enjoying
greater popularity than ever before. Old faorites
are being rediscovered and many fine new
selections are being introduced into the nursery
trade. The future is bright for rockroses, and I
couldn't be happier!
The Rockroses
by Ken Montgomery
I confess to a love affair with rockroses that
has lasted almost thirty years. These fascinating
and extraordinarily beautiful plants bring a long
list of desirable qualities to the world of
horticulture.
Most rockroses are extremely drought-tolerant.
Once established they require minimal irrigation in
the dry season and can contribute significantly to
water conservation efforts. Gernerally speaking,
these shrubs are cold-hardy to temperatures as low
as 5°F., adaptable to a wide range of soils and
microclimates, easy to grow and maintain and
resistant to serious pests and diseases. Many have
extensive root systems, making them useful in
stabilizing slopes and controlling soil erosion.
They provide cover for wildlife and are compatible
with [California] native vegitation. At the same
time, they are not invasive and pose a minimal
threat of spreading into natural areas and becoming
pests. Low-growing kinds are somewhat
fire-retardant and many others are unpalatable to
deer.
The common name "rockrose" referes most
often to the members of three closely related
genera - Cistus, Halimium, and Halimiocistus.
These groups are classified together in the family
Cistaceae along with sunroses (Helianthemum).
Rockroses are so called because their flowers
resemble single, old-fashioned roses (although
they are unrelated) and because they prefer to
grow in rocky, well-drained soil. They are
evergreen strongly woody shrubs, varying in
height from two to over eight feet and from three
to more than six feet across. Some sprawl on the
groun, while others are open, erect and rangy.
These are not plants for formal, highly structured
gardens. Even with moderate pruning, rosroses
have a wild, undomesticated look in the landscape.
They bloom most heavily in the spring, with some
species beginning as early as March. Each flower
lasts only a few hours but many kinds bloom so
profusely that the entire plant is covered with
hundred of new blossoms each day. Colors range
from white and many shades of pink and
lavender-pink in Cistus to white and yellow in
Halimium. Flowers of some rockroses also have a
showy red to maroon spot or blotch at the base of
each petal, offering stunning contrasts to the
numerous bright yellow stamens at the center.
All rockroses are native to lands surrounding
the Mediterranean Sea. They are adapted to long,
hot, dry summers - the same conditions found in
much of California. As we begin facing the reality
of a semi-arid Mediterranean climate here in
California, the use of appropriate plants in our
gardens and landscape takes on increasing
importance. In this context, rockroses are enjoying
greater popularity than ever before. Old faorites
are being rediscovered and many fine new
selections are being introduced into the nursery
trade. The future is bright for rockroses, and I
couldn't be happier!
Cistus creticus L.
Cistus creticus L.
Cistaceæ
Western & Central Mediterranean, from
Southern Spain to South-Eastern Italy - on
sandy soils and scrub
Pink Rockrose, Mauve Rockrose, Hairy
Rockrose, Gum Cistus, Grey Rockrose,
Hoary Cistus, Balm of Gilead (biblical)
Cisto rosso, Cisto villoso, Rosola
(Italian), Turdju burdu, Mudrju biancu,
Mucchju biancu, Murdegu oinu (Italian,
Sardo), Jara gris (Castillian Spanish)
A highly variable species which helps to
confuse identification of species and
natural hybrids. Overall, the foliage
tends to be somewhat sticky, slightly
undulate to very wavy edged and/or
crinkly in texture. The 4-5cm magenta
pink flowers are borne singly throughout
the plant from March to June. Found in
the garrigue and maquis, rocky areas,
stony dry hillsides, open pine forests.
Tolerant of a variety of substrate but
prefer calcareous soil.
Synonyms C. incanus C. polymorphus
Willk. C. villosus
Forms/Subspecies/Varieties
C. creticus forma albus white flowers
C. creticus subsp. corsicus
Cistus creticus - mediterranean climate gardening througho... http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/plants/Cistus....
2 of 2 29/11/2004 10:09 µµ
C. creticus subsp. creticus wavy-edged
leaves with sticky hairs, exuding ladanum
Cultivars/Selections
C. creticus 'Lasithi' compact habit,
rounded form
C. creticus forma albus 'Tania Compton'
an albino selection
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Garden Society
Concept/page design by Seán A. O'Hara,
independent of the Mediterranean Garden
Society.
All content © copyrighted by source or
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and not to be reproduced without
authorization.
Cistaceae by Olivier Filippi
Cistaceae
by Olivier Filippi
(translation by Sean A. O'Hara)
The flowering of the cistuses in the garrigue in spring remains one of the most beautiful spectacles of our Mediterranean landscape. The richness of the colours, the diversity their evergreen foliages and especially the robust habit of these plants makes the group quite versatile: free standing hedges for the tall varieties, large, massed groundcovers for those of medium height, mats and tumblers for low-growing or prostrate types.
All the cistuses are very drought tolerant. They prosper in good drainage. Their tolerance of akalinity and cold is specific for each variety (see the two tables below). La life expectancy of the cistuses is not very long: eight to ten years for the species, and up to fifteen years for the hybrids. The cistuses age better in difficult conditions: avoid rich soils, manure, water in summer. To increase to them life expectancy, it is good to cut them back lightly each year in the autumn for the mild winter regions or at the end of the winter for the colder regions.
It is possible to visit our "garden of rockroses" from April 15 through the end of May. There you will be able to study the flowers of all the species and hybrids presented below.
Olivier Filippi
Cistus creticus (Cistaceae) - Fragrant Rockrose
Cistus creticus (Cistaceae)
Fragrant Rockrose
http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/plants/Cistus
"Found throughout the Mediterranean region, this
extremely variable plant has gray-green, often
recirved leaves and hairy stems. Flowers range from
mid-pink to rose-purple or pale lilac. Some
botanical authorities list Cistus creticus as a
subspecies of Cistus incanus as they are closely
allied in form and flower." The Rockroses, by Kem
Montgomery
Cistus creticus 'John Catterson'
"A rockrose with exceptionally fine form, 'John
Catterson' originated as a chance seedling
discovered and introduced by Gary Ratway and
Deborah Whigham of Digging Dog Nursery. It is
excellent for coastal areas, offering 3-inch magent
flowers and a tight, mounding growth habit to 5 feet
tall and as wide. Blooming season on the
Mendocino coast if from March throught July."
The Rockroses, by Kem Montgomery
For further reading, see also:
Brooms and Rockroses: a gardener's
guide,
by Lester Hawkins,
Pacific Horticulture, Fall 1978,
(Cistus creticus featured on cover)
Fragrant Rockrose
http://www.mediterraneangardensociety.org/plants/Cistus
"Found throughout the Mediterranean region, this
extremely variable plant has gray-green, often
recirved leaves and hairy stems. Flowers range from
mid-pink to rose-purple or pale lilac. Some
botanical authorities list Cistus creticus as a
subspecies of Cistus incanus as they are closely
allied in form and flower." The Rockroses, by Kem
Montgomery
Cistus creticus 'John Catterson'
"A rockrose with exceptionally fine form, 'John
Catterson' originated as a chance seedling
discovered and introduced by Gary Ratway and
Deborah Whigham of Digging Dog Nursery. It is
excellent for coastal areas, offering 3-inch magent
flowers and a tight, mounding growth habit to 5 feet
tall and as wide. Blooming season on the
Mendocino coast if from March throught July."
The Rockroses, by Kem Montgomery
For further reading, see also:
Brooms and Rockroses: a gardener's
guide,
by Lester Hawkins,
Pacific Horticulture, Fall 1978,
(Cistus creticus featured on cover)
Balm of Gilead
http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/plant.nsf/pages/cistus
Why There May Be No Balm in Gilead(1)
Balm of Gilead is an image familiar to Bible students even though it is mentioned in only
two verses. The weeping prophet, as Jeremiah is known, writes in Jeremiah 8:22, "Is there
no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there? Why then is there no healing for the wound
of my people?" What is this product of Gilead?
First, what is Gilead? According to the biblical account in the book of Joshua(2), Gilead is
apparently the region from the middle of the Arnon Gorge (Wadi Mujib) to Mount Hermon
(Jebel Al Sheik) with the Jabbok River (Zarqa River) being the middle of the territory. This
included the domain of the Ammonites and the Amorites as well as the region known as
Bashan. In division of territory to the patriarchs, Gilead was apportioned to the half tribe of
Manasseh (the other half remained west of the Jordan River), Reuben, and Gad.
Although a small area in terms of square kilometers, Gilead is diverse stretching from the
margins of the Jordan valley and the peaks along the Rift Valley to the edge of the Badia
(steppe). In ancient times parts of Gilead were covered with forests. These forests were the
Balm of Gilead http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/plant.nsf/pages/cistus
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southernmost extension of their kind, and the southern extreme of the range of the Aleppo
pine. Today, only vestiges of these forests remain. A prime example is Dibbeen National
Park.
At Dibbeen and scattered other remnants in the area, the forest is dominated by the Aleppo
pine. This tree is familiar to anyone who has visited Jordan because it is widely planted. It
probably only formed extensive forests, however, in areas with higher rainfall. Pines are the
dominant trees but oak (ballot), pistacia (buttim), and carob (kharrob) are also present.
A feature of the natural pine forest is a distinct stratification of the vegetation. The trees are
the upper layer. Much closer to the ground is a layer of shrubs, dominated by two species of
the genus Cistus. More on these later. Closer yet to the soil are numerous non-woody plants,
many of them in the legume family.
One of the characteristics of plants found in this vegetation type is the presence of essential
oils, literally oils that have an essence. Pine would fit this category as would numerous of
the understory shrubs. Some, like the legume Ononis, have sticky hairs. Others, like various
members of the mint family, lack the sticky hairs but contain oils that are evident when the
plant is crushed.
If the forest is degraded through heavy grazing, the oaks will predominate. This sort of
forest is evident in the hills north of Ajlon as at Istayfanah. Here, you will not see a distinct
stratification although the flora is rich and diverse. In the spring, the forest contains showy
plants such as orchids and anemones which are most common at the margins where more
light is available.
For me, the most desirable time to visit Dibbeen is in the late spring in the afternoon. Shrubs
are still green, some flowers of Cistus are present. After the hot day, resin is obvious on the
plants. Pine leaves, Cistus, and various native mints combine to give a sweet fragrance. The
long rays of the sun in the late afternoon cast a special light over the forest. The clear,
brilliant rays and contrasting shadows create a primeval ambience. It is quiet except for that
special, calming sound of a light breeze through the leaves of the pine. In the distance you
can sometime hear a shepherd playing his pipe. In a personal sense, this is a balm in Gilead
for me!
Two species of Cistus are common in the pine forest, C. creticus and C. salvifolius. They are
easily distinguished by their flower color. The large pink flowers of C. creticus and the
slightly smaller but equally beautiful white flowers of C. salvifolius appear in May. On a hot
day, the fragrant resin of the plants is obvious. Upon closer examination, you can see the
numerous hairs that cover the leaves and young stems of both species. The resin will stick to
your hands if you collect leaves.
Cistus' resin is fragrant, as noted, and has been used for millennia to produce an incense.
Even today, the resin is collected in parts of Greece. It can be harvested in a variety of ways.
One ancient method is to comb the hair of goats who graze in plant communities where
Cistus is abundant. Another is by dragging a rake with long, leather tines across the shrubs
at the hottest time of day and then removing the resin when it is dry(3). To my knowledge, it
does not have any widespread use among modern Arabs.
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I have not found any local familiarity with the plants. When some Bedouin near Anjara were
asked the value of the plant, they simply replied that it was good forage for sheep and goats
indicating why the shrub is absent in heavily grazed areas.
The resin is also used for medicine, as a balm that can reduce inflammation of the skin.
Recent research on the biochemistry of the plant has shown the efficacy of compounds in
the plant for dermatological disorders(4).
Other resins extracted from plants in this type of Mediterranean community include mastic.
This is derived from the sap of at least two species of the genus Pistacia. The highest
quality comes from P. lentiscus on the Greek island of Chios. Such trees may have occurred
in Gilead in ancient times. However, there is no documentation for this. Another candidate
is the resin of the Aleppo pine which has been used as a pitch and gum. Use of the resin for
balm is unknown.
Back to Gilead. Is it possible these species of Cistus were widespread and more common
throughout Gilead and used as a medicine? Could this be the balm of Gilead? Again, the
weeping prophet in Jeremiah 46: 11: "Go up to Gilead and get balm, O virgin daughter of
Egypt. But you multiply remedies in vain; there is no healing for you." This implies that
Gilead was a special source of the medicine. If so, why was Gilead chosen as a site for
harvesting the balm rather than similar areas west of the Jordan? We simply don't know. Nor
should we neglect the possibility that the prophet Jeremiah was speaking in a metaphorically
way.
What is certain is that the beautiful Cistus shrubs, perhaps the most likely candidate for the
balm of Gilead, are much less frequent now then in previous years. This is due to the
widespread destruction of the forest type that harbors them. To ensure that future
generations of Jordanians can appreciate these attractive members of the indigenous flora,
they need to be protected. This can only be done by preserving the forest in which they
grow. Otherwise, there will be no balm in Gilead.
ENDNOTES
1. Adapted in part from Musselman, L. J. 2000. Jordan in Bloom.
2. Joshua 12:2.
3. Baumann, H. 1996. The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art and Literature. Translated by W. T. and E.
R. Stearn. Portland: Timber Press.
4. Baumann, H. 1996. The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art and Literature. Translated by W.
T. and E. R. Stearn. Portland: Timber Press. Danne, A., F. Peterett and A. Nahrstedt. 1993.
Proanthocyanidins from Cistus incanus. Phytochemistry 34(4): 1129-1133.
Rock rose
In my last lecture, I spoke at length about rockrose, or Balm of Gilead. Because it may be
Balm of Gilead http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/plant.nsf/pages/cistus
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confused with some of the other plants used for balm, especially myrrh, I want to refer to it
again and draw upon some recent research.
Two species of Cistus are common in Syria, C. creticus and C. salvifolius. They are easily
distinguished by their flower color. The large pink flowers of C. creticus and the slightly
smaller but equally beautiful white flowers of C. salvifolius appear in May. On a hot day,
the fragrant resin of the plants is obvious. Upon closer examination, you can see the
numerous hairs that cover the leaves and young stems of both species. The resin will stick to
your hands if you collect leaves.
Cistus' resin is fragrant, as noted, and has been used for millennia to produce an incense.
Even today, the resin is collected in parts of Greece. It can be harvested in a variety of ways.
One ancient method is to comb the hair of goats who graze in plant communities where
Cistus is abundant. Another is by dragging a rake with long, leather tines across the shrubs
at the hottest time of day and then removing the resin when it is dry(1). To my knowledge, it
does not have any widespread use among modern Arabs.
The resin is also used for medicine, as a balm that can reduce inflammation of the skin.
Recent research on the biochemistry of the plant has shown the efficacy of compounds in
the plant for dermatological disorders(2). Recent research in Turkey shows that, of the seven
plants used as folk remedies for ulcers, the one with the greatest efficacy was C.
salvifolius(3).
Endnotes
1. Baumann, H. 1996. The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art and Literature. Translated by W.
T. and E. R. Stearn. Portland: Timber Press.
2. Danne, A., F. Peterett and A. Nahrstedt. 1993. Proanthocyanidins from Cistus incanus.
Phytochemistry 34(4): 1129-1133.
3. Yesilada E., I. Gurbuz, and H. Shibatajavascript: do_literal('AU=(Gurbuz I)');. 1999.
Screening of Turkish anti-ulcerogenic folk remedies for anti-Helicobacter pylori activity.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66(3):289-93. (The other plants were Spartium junceum,
cones of Cedrus libani, herbs and flowers of Centaurea solstitialis ssp. solstitialis, fruits of
Momordica charantia, herbaceous parts of Sambucus ebulus, and flowering herbs of
Hypericum perforatum.)
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Balm of Gilead http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/plant.nsf/pages/cistus
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Cistus creticus subsp incanus - Cistaceae - Rock Rose
http://seeds.thompson-morgan.com/uk/fr/product/kw9300/1
Arbuste à feuillage persistant
Floraison: Summer
Hauteur: 75cm
Guide de rusticité: 8 9
Germination: Expérience utile
Entretien: Entretien et soins nécessaires
Désignation: A charming evergreen shrub, quick to
flower from seed, often within 18 months. This older
variety was seen in gardens back in the 1700's. The
rich-pink blooms create a stunning carpet. Hardy in
the UK, Europe, Japan & Australia.
Of Mediterranean origin, the name Cistus is a
modified form of the Greek, kistos, while creticus is
a word which denotes that this particular species is
from Crete. Cistus belongs to the Rock Rose family,
a group which also includes Halimum,
Helianthemum and Halimocistus to name but a few.
Excellent ground cover as the plant naturally keeps
very low to the ground and the flowers are almost
stemless. Can also be used as miniature hedging or
at the front of cottage garden borders.
Semis: Sow February to July at 15-20C (59-68F) on
the surface of a good, free-draining compost, do not
cover seed. Place in a propagator or seal container
in a polythene bag until after germination which
usually takes 14-30 days. Do not exclude light at
any stage as this is beneficial to germination. It is
often beneficial to chip seed coat prior to sowing.
Culture: Pricking out (Transplanting): Cistus dislike
root disturbance so transplant as soon as large
enough to handle into 7.5cm (3in) pots. Grow on in
cool conditions. Planting out: When well grown,
gradually acclimatise to outdoor conditions before
planting out after all risk of frost, 45cm (18in) apart.
Prefers a poor but well drained soil in full sun. Can
tolerate winds, therefore a good maritime plant.
Entretien: Prune back any straggly growth on young
plants during March.
Catalogues Thompson et Morgande Graines et de plantes en lign
Arbuste à feuillage persistant
Floraison: Summer
Hauteur: 75cm
Guide de rusticité: 8 9
Germination: Expérience utile
Entretien: Entretien et soins nécessaires
Désignation: A charming evergreen shrub, quick to
flower from seed, often within 18 months. This older
variety was seen in gardens back in the 1700's. The
rich-pink blooms create a stunning carpet. Hardy in
the UK, Europe, Japan & Australia.
Of Mediterranean origin, the name Cistus is a
modified form of the Greek, kistos, while creticus is
a word which denotes that this particular species is
from Crete. Cistus belongs to the Rock Rose family,
a group which also includes Halimum,
Helianthemum and Halimocistus to name but a few.
Excellent ground cover as the plant naturally keeps
very low to the ground and the flowers are almost
stemless. Can also be used as miniature hedging or
at the front of cottage garden borders.
Semis: Sow February to July at 15-20C (59-68F) on
the surface of a good, free-draining compost, do not
cover seed. Place in a propagator or seal container
in a polythene bag until after germination which
usually takes 14-30 days. Do not exclude light at
any stage as this is beneficial to germination. It is
often beneficial to chip seed coat prior to sowing.
Culture: Pricking out (Transplanting): Cistus dislike
root disturbance so transplant as soon as large
enough to handle into 7.5cm (3in) pots. Grow on in
cool conditions. Planting out: When well grown,
gradually acclimatise to outdoor conditions before
planting out after all risk of frost, 45cm (18in) apart.
Prefers a poor but well drained soil in full sun. Can
tolerate winds, therefore a good maritime plant.
Entretien: Prune back any straggly growth on young
plants during March.
Catalogues Thompson et Morgande Graines et de plantes en lign
Bibliografia Cistus
Bibliografia Cistus
http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
1 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
GERMOPLASMA
MEDITERRANEO
Bibliografia
Cistus
(It.: Cisto ; En.: Rockrose)
C. monspeliensis
C. albidus
C. creticus ( = C. incanus
subsp. creticus)
C. incanus
C. ladanifer
C. monspeliensis
C. salviaefolius
C. salviaefolius C. 'Silver Pink'
C. albidus
Corral R., Perez-Garcia F., Pita J.M., 1989. Seed morphology and
histology in four species of Cistus L. (Cistaceae). Phytomorphology,
39 (1): 75-80.
Iriondo J.M., Moreno C., Perez C., 1995. Micropropagation of six
rockrose (Cistus) species. HortScience, 30 (5):.
Leduc J.P., Dexheimer J., Chevalier G., 1985. Etude ultrastructurale
comparee des associations de Terfezia leptoderma avec
Helianthemum salicifolium, Cistus albidus et Cistus salviaefolius.
Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on Mycorrhizae, Dijon, 1-5
July 1985, 291-295.
Llusia J., Penuelas J., 2000. Seasonal patterns of terpene content and
emission from seven Mediterranean woody species in field
conditions. American journal of botany, 87 (1): 133-140.
Oliveira G., Penuelas J., 2001. Allocation of absorbed light energy into
photochemistry and dissipation in a semi-deciduous and an
evergreen Mediterranean woody species during winter. Australian
journal of plant physiology, 28 (6): 471-480.
Robles C., Garzino S., 1998. Essential oil composition of Cistus albidus
leaves. Phytochemistry, 48 (8):.
Sanchez-Blanco M.J., Rodriguez P., Morales M.A., Ortuno M.F., Torrecillas
A., 2002. Comparative growth and water relations of Cistus albidus
and Cistus monspeliensis plants during water deficit conditions and
recovery. Plant science, 162 (1): 107-113.
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2 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Vuillemin J., Bulard C., 1981. Ecophysiologie de la germination de
Cistus albidus L. et Cistus monspeliensis L..Naturalia
monspeliensia. Serie botanique, 46, 11 p.
C. creticus , C. incanus
Anastasaki T., Demetzos C., Perdetzoglou D., Gazouli M., Loukis A.,
Harvala C., 1999. Analysis of labdane-type diterpenes from
Cistus creticus (subsp. creticus and subsp. eriocephalus), by
GC and GC-MS. Planta medica, 65 (8): 735-739.
Aronne G., De Micco V., 2001. Seasonal dimorphism in the
Mediterranean Cistus incanus L. subsp. incanus. Annals of
botany, 87 (6): 789-794.
Berliner R., Jacoby B., Zamski E., 1986. Absence of Cistus incanus
from basaltic soils in Israel: effect of mycorrhizae. Ecology : a
publication of the Ecological Society of America, 67 (5):.
Berliner R., Jacoby B., Zamski E., 1987. Mycorrhiza is essential for
phosphate supply to Cistus incanus L. on native soils in
northern Israel. Journal of plant nutrition, 10 (9/16):.
Bjorn L.O., Callaghan T.V., Johnsen I., Lee J.A., Manetas Y., Paul N.D.,
Sonesson M., Welburn A.R., Coop D., Heide-Jorgensen, H.S., 1997.
The effects of UV-B radiation of European heathland species.
Plant ecology, 128 (1/2): 252-264.
Chinou I., Demetzos C., Harvala C., Roussakis C., Verbist J.F., 1994.
Cytotoxic and antibacterial labdane-type diterpenes from the
aerial parts of Cistus incanus subsp. creticus. Planta medica,.
Danne A., Petereit F., Nahrstedt A., 1993. Proanthocyanidins from
Cistus incanus. Phytochemistry, 34 (4):.
Demetzos C., Harvala C., Philianos S.M., Skaltsounis A.L., 1990. A
new labdane-type diterpene and other compounds from the
leaves of Cistus incanus ssp. creticus. Journal of natural products,
53 (5):1365-1368.
Demetzos C., Katerinopoulos H., Kouvarakis A., Stratigakis N., Loukis
A., Ekonomakis C., Spiliotis V., Tsaknis J., 1997. Composition and
antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cistus creticus
subsp. eriocephalus. Planta medica, 63 (2): 477-479.
Demetzos C., Loukis A., Spiliotis V., Zoakis N., Stratigakis N., 1995.
Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of
Cistus creticus L. Journal of essential oil research, 7 (4): 407-410.
Demetzos C., Mitaku S., Couladis M., Havala C., Kokkinopoulos D.,
1994. Natural metabolites of ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide and other
cytotoxic diterpenes from the resin 'Ladano' of Cistus creticus.
Planta medica, 60 (6): 590-591.
Demetzos C., Mitaku S., Loukis A., Harvala C., Gally A., 1994. A new
drimane sesquiterpene, isomers of manoyl oxide and other
volatile constituents from the resin "Ladano" of Cistus incanus
subsp. creticus (L.) Heywood. Journal of essential oil research, 6
(1): 37-41.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
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Demetzos C., Mitaku S., Skaltsounis A.L., Harvala M.C.C., Libot F.,
1993. Diterpene esters of malonic acid from the resin 'Ladano' of
Cistus creticus. Phytochemistry35 (4): 979-981.
Demetzos C., Stahl B., Anastassaki T., Gazouli M., Tzouvelelis L.S.,
Rallis M., 1999. Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of
the resin Ladano, of its essential oils and of the isolated
compounds. Planta medica 65 (1): 76-78.
Fusconi A. , 1983. The development of the fungal sheath on Cistus
incanus short roots. Canadian journal of botany, 61 (10):.
Grammatikopoulos G. , 1999. Mechanisms for drought tolerance in
two Mediterranean seasonal dimorphic shrubs. Australian journal
of plant physiology, 26 (6): 587-593.
Gratani L., Bombelli A., 2000. Correlation between leaf age and other
leaf traits in three Mediterranean maquis shrub species:
Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Cistus incanus.
Environmental and experimental botany, 43 (2): 141-153.
Hanley M.E., Fenner M., 1997. Seedling growth of four fire-following
Mediterranean plant species deprived of single mineral
nutrients. Functional ecology, 11 (3): 398-405.
Khazaal K.A., Parissi Z., Tsiouvaras C., Nastis A., Orskov E.R., 1996.
Assessment of phenolics-related antinutritive levels using the in
vitro gas production technique: a comparison between different
types of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol. Journal
of the science of food and agriculture, 71 (4): 405-414.
Klocke J.A., Van Wagenen B., Balandrin M.F., 1986. The ellagitannin
geraniin and its hydrolysis products isolated as insect growth
inhibitors from semi-arid land plants. Phytochemistry, 25 (1):
85-91.
Kreimeyer J., Petereit F., Nahrstedt A., 1998. Separations of
flavan-3-ols and dimeric proanthocyanidins by capillary
electrophoresis. Planta medica, 64 (1): 63-67.
Manetas Y., Petropoulou Y., 2000. Nectar amount, pollinator visit
duration and pollination success in the Mediterranean shrub
Cistus creticus. Annals of botany, 86 (4): 815-820.
Papafotiou M., Triandaphyllou N., Chronopoulos J., 2000 Studies on
propagation of species of the xerophytic vegetation of Greece with
potential floricultural use. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 541: 269-272.
Pela Z., Gerasopoulos D., Maloupa E., 2000. The effects of heat
pre-treatments and incubation temperature on germination of Cistus
creticus creticus seeds. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 541: 365-372.
Pela Z., Pentcheva M., Gerasopoulos D., Maloupa E., 2000. In vitro
induction of adventitious roots and proliferation of Cistus creticus
creticus plants. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 541: 317-322.
Peris J.B., Mateo G., Figuerola R., 1984. Sobre la presencia de
Cistus incanus L. en la Peninsula Iberica. Boletim da Sociedade
Broteriana, 57: 69-75.
Petereit F., Kolodziej H., Nahrstedt A., 1991. Flavan-3-ols and
proanthocyanidins from Cistus incanus. Phytochemistry 30 (3):
981-985.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
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Psaras G.K., Konsolaki M.J., 1986. The annual rhythm of cambial
activity in four subshrubs common in phryganic formations of
Greece. Israel journal of botany, 35 (1): 35-39.
Stephanous M., Manetas Y., 1997. The effects of seasons, exposure,
enhanced UV-B radiation, and water stress on leaf epicuticular
and internal UV-B absorbing capacity of Cistus creticus: a
Mediterranean field study. Journal of experimental botany, 48
(316):.
Stephanous M., Manetas Y., 1998. Enhanced UV-B radiation
increases the reproductive effort in the Mediterranean shrub
Cistus creticus under field conditions. Plant ecology, 134 (1):
91-96.
Stephanous M., Petropoulou Y., Georgiou O., Manetas Y., 2000.
Enhanced UV-B radiation, flower attributes and pollinator
behaviour in Cistus creticus: a Mediterranean field study. Plant
ecology, 47 (2): 165-171.
Sternberg M., Shoshany M., 2001. Aboveground biomass allocation
and water content relationships in Mediterranean trees and
shrubs in two climatological regions in Israel. Plant ecology, 157
(2): 173-181.
Thanos C.A., Georghiou K., 1988. Ecophysiology of fire-stimulated
seed germination in Cistus incanus ssp. creticus (L.) Heywood
and C. salvifolius. Plant, cell and environment, 11 (9):841-849.
Troumbis A.Y. , 1996. Seed persistence versus soil seed bank
persistence: the case of the post-fire seeder Cistus incanus L.
Écoscience 3 (4): 461-468.
Vardavakis E., 1988. Seasonal fluctuation of non-parasitic
mycoflora associated with living leaves of Cistus incanus,
Arbutus unedo and Quercus coccifera. Mycologia, 80 (2):
200-210.
C. ladanifer
Acosta F.J., Delgado J.A., Lopez F., Serrano J.M., 1997. Functional
features and ontogenic changes in reproductive allocation and
partitioning strategies of plant modules. Plant ecology, 132 (1):
71-76.
Alados C.L., Navarro T., Cabezudo B., 1999. Tolerance assessment
of Cistus ladanifer to serpentine soils by developmental stability
analysis. Plant ecology, 143 (1): 51-66.
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., Gutierrez-Merino C., 1993. Seasonal
variation of exudate of Cistus ladanifer. Journal of chemical
ecology, 19 (11):.
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., Gutierrez-Merino C., 1997. Quantitative
variation of flavonoids among individuals of a Cistus ladanifer
population. Biochemical systematics and ecology, 25 (5): 429-435.
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., Gutierrez-Merino C., 1997. Role of
ecological variables in the seasonal variation of flavonoid
content of Cistus ladanifer exudate. Journal of agricultural and
food chemistry, 45 (10): 579-603.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
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Chaves N., Escudero J.C., 1997. Allelopathic effect of Cistus
ladanifer on seed germination. Functional ecology, 11 (4): 432-440.
Chaves N. Rios J.J., Gutierrez C., Escudero J.C., Olias J.M., 1998.
Analysis of secreted flavonoids of Cistus ladanifer L. by
high-performance liquid chromatography-particle beam mass
spectrometry. Journal of chromatography, 799 (1/2): 111-115.
Corral R., Perez-Garcia F. Pita, J.M., 1989. Seed morphology and
histology in four species of Cistus L. (Cistaceae).
Phytomorphology., 39 (1): 75-80.
Delgado J.A., Serrano J.M., Lopez F., Acosta F.J., 2001.Heat shock,
mass-dependent germination, and seed yield as related
components of fitness in Cistus ladanifer. Environmental and
experimental botany, 46 (1): 11-20.
Dominguez M.T., 1994. Influence of polyphenols in the litter
decomposition of autochthonous (Quercus ilex L, Quercus
suber L, Pinus pinea L, Cistus ladanifer L, and Halimium
Halimifolium W.K.) and introduced species (Eucalyptus globulus
L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis D.) in the southwest of Spain.
Acta Horticulturae 381, 425-428.
Ferrandis P., Herranz J.M., Martinez-Sanchez J.J., 1999. Effect of fire
on hard-coated Cistaceae seed banks and its influence on
techniques for quantifying seed banks. Plant ecology, 144 (1):
103-114.
Guy I., Vernin G., 1996. Minor compounds from Cistus ladaniferus
L. essential oil from Esterel. 2. Acids and phenols. Journal of
essential oil research, 8 (4): 455-462.
Iriondo J.M., Moreno C., Perez C., 1995. Micropropagation of six
rockrose (Cistus) species.HortScience, 30 (5):.
Lansac A.R., Martin A., Roldan A., 1995. Mycorrhizal colonization
and drought interactions of Mediterranean shrubs under
greenhouse conditions. Arid soil research and rehabilitation, 9 (2):
167-175.
Nunez-Olivera E., Martinez-Abaigar J., Escudero J.C., 1996.
Adaptability of leaves of Cistus ladanifer to widely varying
environmental conditions. Functional ecology, 10 (5): 636-646.
Paton D., Azocar P., Tovar J., 1998. Growth and productivity in
forage biomass in relation to the age assessed by
dendrochronology in the evergreen shrub Cistus ladanifer (L.)
using different regression models. Journal of arid environments,
38 (2): 221-235.
Pereira I.P., Dias A.S., Dias L.S., 1993. Effects of heat treatments on
the germination of Cistus landanifer L. Acta Horticulturae 344:
229-237.
Perez-Garcia F., 1997. Germination of Cistus ladanifer seeds in
relation to parent material. Plant ecology, 133 (1): 57-62.
Proksch P., Gulz P.G., Budzikiewicz H., 1980. Further oxygenated
compounds in the essential oil of Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae).
Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C: Biosciences, 35 (7/8):
529-532
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
6 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Proksch P., Gulz P.G., Budzikiewicz H., 1980. Phenylpropanoic acid
esters in the essential oil of Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae).
Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C: Biosciences, 35 (3/4):
201-203.
Talavera S., Gibbs P.E., Herrera J., 1993. Reproductive biology of
Cistus ladanifer (Cistaceae). Plant systematics and evolution, 186
(3/4): 123-134.
Tomas-Lorente F., Garcia-Grau M.M., Nieto J.L., Tomas-Barberan F.A.,
1992. Flavonoids from Cistus ladanifer bee pollen.
Phytochemistry, 31 (6):.
C. monspeliensis
Angelopoulou D., Demetzos C., Dimas C., Perdetzoglou D., Loukis A. ,
2001. Essential oils and hexane extracts from leaves and fruits
of Cistus monspeliensis. Cytotoxic activity of ent-13-epi-manoyl
oxide and its isomers. Planta medica,67 (2): 168-171.
Angelopoulou D., Demetzos C., Perdetzoglou D., 2002. Diurnal and
seasonal variation of the essential oil labdanes and clerodanes
from Cistus monspeliensis L. leaves. Biochemical systematics and
ecology, 30 (3): 189-203.
Ascenao L., Pais M.S.S., 1981. Ultrastructural aspects of secretory
trichromes in Cistus monspeliensis. Tasks for vegetation science,
4, 27-38.
Cavero I., Livi O., 1970. Estrazione, frazionamento ed esame dei
costituenti del Cistus monspeliensis L. Ann. Chim., 60 (7):
469-482.
Demetzos C., Dimas K., Hatziantoniou S., Anastasaki T., Angelopoulou
D. , 2001. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of labdane
and cis-clerodane type diterpenes. Planta medica, 67 (7): 614-618.
Glyphis J.P., Puttick G.M., 1989. Phenolics, nutrition and insect
herbivory in some garrigue and maquis plant species. Oecologia,
78 (2): 259-263.
Ibrahima A., Joffre R., Gillon D., 1995. Changes in litter during the
initial leaching phase: an experiment on the leaf litter of
Mediterranean species. Soil biology & biochemistry, 27 (7):
931-939.
Roble C., Garzino S., 2000. Infraspecific variability in the essential
oil composition of Cistus monspeliensis leaves. Phytochemistry,
53 (1): 71-75.
Sanchez-Blanco M.J., Rodriguez P., Morales M.A., Ortuno M.F.,
Torrecillas A., 2002. Comparative growth and water relations of
Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants during water
deficit conditions and recovery. Plant science (Shannon, Ireland),
162 (1):107-113.
Vuillemin J., Bulard C., 1981. Ecophysiologie de la germination de
Cistus albidus L. et Cistus monspeliensis L. .Naturalia
monspeliensia. Serie botanique, 46, 11 p.
C. salviaefolius
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
7 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Leduc J.P., Dexheimer J., Chevalier G., 1985. Etude ultrastructurale
comparee des associations de Terfezia leptoderma avec
Helianthemum salicifolium, Cistus albidus et Cistus
salviaefolius. Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on
Mycorrhizae, Dijon, 1-5 July 1985, 291-295.
Ulteriore bibliografia
Inizio pagina
Home page Gruppo di Lavoro "Germoplasma Mediterraneo"
Home page
http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
1 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
GERMOPLASMA
MEDITERRANEO
Bibliografia
Cistus
(It.: Cisto ; En.: Rockrose)
C. monspeliensis
C. albidus
C. creticus ( = C. incanus
subsp. creticus)
C. incanus
C. ladanifer
C. monspeliensis
C. salviaefolius
C. salviaefolius C. 'Silver Pink'
C. albidus
Corral R., Perez-Garcia F., Pita J.M., 1989. Seed morphology and
histology in four species of Cistus L. (Cistaceae). Phytomorphology,
39 (1): 75-80.
Iriondo J.M., Moreno C., Perez C., 1995. Micropropagation of six
rockrose (Cistus) species. HortScience, 30 (5):.
Leduc J.P., Dexheimer J., Chevalier G., 1985. Etude ultrastructurale
comparee des associations de Terfezia leptoderma avec
Helianthemum salicifolium, Cistus albidus et Cistus salviaefolius.
Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on Mycorrhizae, Dijon, 1-5
July 1985, 291-295.
Llusia J., Penuelas J., 2000. Seasonal patterns of terpene content and
emission from seven Mediterranean woody species in field
conditions. American journal of botany, 87 (1): 133-140.
Oliveira G., Penuelas J., 2001. Allocation of absorbed light energy into
photochemistry and dissipation in a semi-deciduous and an
evergreen Mediterranean woody species during winter. Australian
journal of plant physiology, 28 (6): 471-480.
Robles C., Garzino S., 1998. Essential oil composition of Cistus albidus
leaves. Phytochemistry, 48 (8):.
Sanchez-Blanco M.J., Rodriguez P., Morales M.A., Ortuno M.F., Torrecillas
A., 2002. Comparative growth and water relations of Cistus albidus
and Cistus monspeliensis plants during water deficit conditions and
recovery. Plant science, 162 (1): 107-113.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
2 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Vuillemin J., Bulard C., 1981. Ecophysiologie de la germination de
Cistus albidus L. et Cistus monspeliensis L..Naturalia
monspeliensia. Serie botanique, 46, 11 p.
C. creticus , C. incanus
Anastasaki T., Demetzos C., Perdetzoglou D., Gazouli M., Loukis A.,
Harvala C., 1999. Analysis of labdane-type diterpenes from
Cistus creticus (subsp. creticus and subsp. eriocephalus), by
GC and GC-MS. Planta medica, 65 (8): 735-739.
Aronne G., De Micco V., 2001. Seasonal dimorphism in the
Mediterranean Cistus incanus L. subsp. incanus. Annals of
botany, 87 (6): 789-794.
Berliner R., Jacoby B., Zamski E., 1986. Absence of Cistus incanus
from basaltic soils in Israel: effect of mycorrhizae. Ecology : a
publication of the Ecological Society of America, 67 (5):.
Berliner R., Jacoby B., Zamski E., 1987. Mycorrhiza is essential for
phosphate supply to Cistus incanus L. on native soils in
northern Israel. Journal of plant nutrition, 10 (9/16):.
Bjorn L.O., Callaghan T.V., Johnsen I., Lee J.A., Manetas Y., Paul N.D.,
Sonesson M., Welburn A.R., Coop D., Heide-Jorgensen, H.S., 1997.
The effects of UV-B radiation of European heathland species.
Plant ecology, 128 (1/2): 252-264.
Chinou I., Demetzos C., Harvala C., Roussakis C., Verbist J.F., 1994.
Cytotoxic and antibacterial labdane-type diterpenes from the
aerial parts of Cistus incanus subsp. creticus. Planta medica,.
Danne A., Petereit F., Nahrstedt A., 1993. Proanthocyanidins from
Cistus incanus. Phytochemistry, 34 (4):.
Demetzos C., Harvala C., Philianos S.M., Skaltsounis A.L., 1990. A
new labdane-type diterpene and other compounds from the
leaves of Cistus incanus ssp. creticus. Journal of natural products,
53 (5):1365-1368.
Demetzos C., Katerinopoulos H., Kouvarakis A., Stratigakis N., Loukis
A., Ekonomakis C., Spiliotis V., Tsaknis J., 1997. Composition and
antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cistus creticus
subsp. eriocephalus. Planta medica, 63 (2): 477-479.
Demetzos C., Loukis A., Spiliotis V., Zoakis N., Stratigakis N., 1995.
Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of
Cistus creticus L. Journal of essential oil research, 7 (4): 407-410.
Demetzos C., Mitaku S., Couladis M., Havala C., Kokkinopoulos D.,
1994. Natural metabolites of ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide and other
cytotoxic diterpenes from the resin 'Ladano' of Cistus creticus.
Planta medica, 60 (6): 590-591.
Demetzos C., Mitaku S., Loukis A., Harvala C., Gally A., 1994. A new
drimane sesquiterpene, isomers of manoyl oxide and other
volatile constituents from the resin "Ladano" of Cistus incanus
subsp. creticus (L.) Heywood. Journal of essential oil research, 6
(1): 37-41.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
3 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Demetzos C., Mitaku S., Skaltsounis A.L., Harvala M.C.C., Libot F.,
1993. Diterpene esters of malonic acid from the resin 'Ladano' of
Cistus creticus. Phytochemistry35 (4): 979-981.
Demetzos C., Stahl B., Anastassaki T., Gazouli M., Tzouvelelis L.S.,
Rallis M., 1999. Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of
the resin Ladano, of its essential oils and of the isolated
compounds. Planta medica 65 (1): 76-78.
Fusconi A. , 1983. The development of the fungal sheath on Cistus
incanus short roots. Canadian journal of botany, 61 (10):.
Grammatikopoulos G. , 1999. Mechanisms for drought tolerance in
two Mediterranean seasonal dimorphic shrubs. Australian journal
of plant physiology, 26 (6): 587-593.
Gratani L., Bombelli A., 2000. Correlation between leaf age and other
leaf traits in three Mediterranean maquis shrub species:
Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Cistus incanus.
Environmental and experimental botany, 43 (2): 141-153.
Hanley M.E., Fenner M., 1997. Seedling growth of four fire-following
Mediterranean plant species deprived of single mineral
nutrients. Functional ecology, 11 (3): 398-405.
Khazaal K.A., Parissi Z., Tsiouvaras C., Nastis A., Orskov E.R., 1996.
Assessment of phenolics-related antinutritive levels using the in
vitro gas production technique: a comparison between different
types of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol. Journal
of the science of food and agriculture, 71 (4): 405-414.
Klocke J.A., Van Wagenen B., Balandrin M.F., 1986. The ellagitannin
geraniin and its hydrolysis products isolated as insect growth
inhibitors from semi-arid land plants. Phytochemistry, 25 (1):
85-91.
Kreimeyer J., Petereit F., Nahrstedt A., 1998. Separations of
flavan-3-ols and dimeric proanthocyanidins by capillary
electrophoresis. Planta medica, 64 (1): 63-67.
Manetas Y., Petropoulou Y., 2000. Nectar amount, pollinator visit
duration and pollination success in the Mediterranean shrub
Cistus creticus. Annals of botany, 86 (4): 815-820.
Papafotiou M., Triandaphyllou N., Chronopoulos J., 2000 Studies on
propagation of species of the xerophytic vegetation of Greece with
potential floricultural use. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 541: 269-272.
Pela Z., Gerasopoulos D., Maloupa E., 2000. The effects of heat
pre-treatments and incubation temperature on germination of Cistus
creticus creticus seeds. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 541: 365-372.
Pela Z., Pentcheva M., Gerasopoulos D., Maloupa E., 2000. In vitro
induction of adventitious roots and proliferation of Cistus creticus
creticus plants. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 541: 317-322.
Peris J.B., Mateo G., Figuerola R., 1984. Sobre la presencia de
Cistus incanus L. en la Peninsula Iberica. Boletim da Sociedade
Broteriana, 57: 69-75.
Petereit F., Kolodziej H., Nahrstedt A., 1991. Flavan-3-ols and
proanthocyanidins from Cistus incanus. Phytochemistry 30 (3):
981-985.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
4 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Psaras G.K., Konsolaki M.J., 1986. The annual rhythm of cambial
activity in four subshrubs common in phryganic formations of
Greece. Israel journal of botany, 35 (1): 35-39.
Stephanous M., Manetas Y., 1997. The effects of seasons, exposure,
enhanced UV-B radiation, and water stress on leaf epicuticular
and internal UV-B absorbing capacity of Cistus creticus: a
Mediterranean field study. Journal of experimental botany, 48
(316):.
Stephanous M., Manetas Y., 1998. Enhanced UV-B radiation
increases the reproductive effort in the Mediterranean shrub
Cistus creticus under field conditions. Plant ecology, 134 (1):
91-96.
Stephanous M., Petropoulou Y., Georgiou O., Manetas Y., 2000.
Enhanced UV-B radiation, flower attributes and pollinator
behaviour in Cistus creticus: a Mediterranean field study. Plant
ecology, 47 (2): 165-171.
Sternberg M., Shoshany M., 2001. Aboveground biomass allocation
and water content relationships in Mediterranean trees and
shrubs in two climatological regions in Israel. Plant ecology, 157
(2): 173-181.
Thanos C.A., Georghiou K., 1988. Ecophysiology of fire-stimulated
seed germination in Cistus incanus ssp. creticus (L.) Heywood
and C. salvifolius. Plant, cell and environment, 11 (9):841-849.
Troumbis A.Y. , 1996. Seed persistence versus soil seed bank
persistence: the case of the post-fire seeder Cistus incanus L.
Écoscience 3 (4): 461-468.
Vardavakis E., 1988. Seasonal fluctuation of non-parasitic
mycoflora associated with living leaves of Cistus incanus,
Arbutus unedo and Quercus coccifera. Mycologia, 80 (2):
200-210.
C. ladanifer
Acosta F.J., Delgado J.A., Lopez F., Serrano J.M., 1997. Functional
features and ontogenic changes in reproductive allocation and
partitioning strategies of plant modules. Plant ecology, 132 (1):
71-76.
Alados C.L., Navarro T., Cabezudo B., 1999. Tolerance assessment
of Cistus ladanifer to serpentine soils by developmental stability
analysis. Plant ecology, 143 (1): 51-66.
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., Gutierrez-Merino C., 1993. Seasonal
variation of exudate of Cistus ladanifer. Journal of chemical
ecology, 19 (11):.
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., Gutierrez-Merino C., 1997. Quantitative
variation of flavonoids among individuals of a Cistus ladanifer
population. Biochemical systematics and ecology, 25 (5): 429-435.
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., Gutierrez-Merino C., 1997. Role of
ecological variables in the seasonal variation of flavonoid
content of Cistus ladanifer exudate. Journal of agricultural and
food chemistry, 45 (10): 579-603.
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
5 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Chaves N., Escudero J.C., 1997. Allelopathic effect of Cistus
ladanifer on seed germination. Functional ecology, 11 (4): 432-440.
Chaves N. Rios J.J., Gutierrez C., Escudero J.C., Olias J.M., 1998.
Analysis of secreted flavonoids of Cistus ladanifer L. by
high-performance liquid chromatography-particle beam mass
spectrometry. Journal of chromatography, 799 (1/2): 111-115.
Corral R., Perez-Garcia F. Pita, J.M., 1989. Seed morphology and
histology in four species of Cistus L. (Cistaceae).
Phytomorphology., 39 (1): 75-80.
Delgado J.A., Serrano J.M., Lopez F., Acosta F.J., 2001.Heat shock,
mass-dependent germination, and seed yield as related
components of fitness in Cistus ladanifer. Environmental and
experimental botany, 46 (1): 11-20.
Dominguez M.T., 1994. Influence of polyphenols in the litter
decomposition of autochthonous (Quercus ilex L, Quercus
suber L, Pinus pinea L, Cistus ladanifer L, and Halimium
Halimifolium W.K.) and introduced species (Eucalyptus globulus
L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis D.) in the southwest of Spain.
Acta Horticulturae 381, 425-428.
Ferrandis P., Herranz J.M., Martinez-Sanchez J.J., 1999. Effect of fire
on hard-coated Cistaceae seed banks and its influence on
techniques for quantifying seed banks. Plant ecology, 144 (1):
103-114.
Guy I., Vernin G., 1996. Minor compounds from Cistus ladaniferus
L. essential oil from Esterel. 2. Acids and phenols. Journal of
essential oil research, 8 (4): 455-462.
Iriondo J.M., Moreno C., Perez C., 1995. Micropropagation of six
rockrose (Cistus) species.HortScience, 30 (5):.
Lansac A.R., Martin A., Roldan A., 1995. Mycorrhizal colonization
and drought interactions of Mediterranean shrubs under
greenhouse conditions. Arid soil research and rehabilitation, 9 (2):
167-175.
Nunez-Olivera E., Martinez-Abaigar J., Escudero J.C., 1996.
Adaptability of leaves of Cistus ladanifer to widely varying
environmental conditions. Functional ecology, 10 (5): 636-646.
Paton D., Azocar P., Tovar J., 1998. Growth and productivity in
forage biomass in relation to the age assessed by
dendrochronology in the evergreen shrub Cistus ladanifer (L.)
using different regression models. Journal of arid environments,
38 (2): 221-235.
Pereira I.P., Dias A.S., Dias L.S., 1993. Effects of heat treatments on
the germination of Cistus landanifer L. Acta Horticulturae 344:
229-237.
Perez-Garcia F., 1997. Germination of Cistus ladanifer seeds in
relation to parent material. Plant ecology, 133 (1): 57-62.
Proksch P., Gulz P.G., Budzikiewicz H., 1980. Further oxygenated
compounds in the essential oil of Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae).
Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C: Biosciences, 35 (7/8):
529-532
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
6 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Proksch P., Gulz P.G., Budzikiewicz H., 1980. Phenylpropanoic acid
esters in the essential oil of Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae).
Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C: Biosciences, 35 (3/4):
201-203.
Talavera S., Gibbs P.E., Herrera J., 1993. Reproductive biology of
Cistus ladanifer (Cistaceae). Plant systematics and evolution, 186
(3/4): 123-134.
Tomas-Lorente F., Garcia-Grau M.M., Nieto J.L., Tomas-Barberan F.A.,
1992. Flavonoids from Cistus ladanifer bee pollen.
Phytochemistry, 31 (6):.
C. monspeliensis
Angelopoulou D., Demetzos C., Dimas C., Perdetzoglou D., Loukis A. ,
2001. Essential oils and hexane extracts from leaves and fruits
of Cistus monspeliensis. Cytotoxic activity of ent-13-epi-manoyl
oxide and its isomers. Planta medica,67 (2): 168-171.
Angelopoulou D., Demetzos C., Perdetzoglou D., 2002. Diurnal and
seasonal variation of the essential oil labdanes and clerodanes
from Cistus monspeliensis L. leaves. Biochemical systematics and
ecology, 30 (3): 189-203.
Ascenao L., Pais M.S.S., 1981. Ultrastructural aspects of secretory
trichromes in Cistus monspeliensis. Tasks for vegetation science,
4, 27-38.
Cavero I., Livi O., 1970. Estrazione, frazionamento ed esame dei
costituenti del Cistus monspeliensis L. Ann. Chim., 60 (7):
469-482.
Demetzos C., Dimas K., Hatziantoniou S., Anastasaki T., Angelopoulou
D. , 2001. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of labdane
and cis-clerodane type diterpenes. Planta medica, 67 (7): 614-618.
Glyphis J.P., Puttick G.M., 1989. Phenolics, nutrition and insect
herbivory in some garrigue and maquis plant species. Oecologia,
78 (2): 259-263.
Ibrahima A., Joffre R., Gillon D., 1995. Changes in litter during the
initial leaching phase: an experiment on the leaf litter of
Mediterranean species. Soil biology & biochemistry, 27 (7):
931-939.
Roble C., Garzino S., 2000. Infraspecific variability in the essential
oil composition of Cistus monspeliensis leaves. Phytochemistry,
53 (1): 71-75.
Sanchez-Blanco M.J., Rodriguez P., Morales M.A., Ortuno M.F.,
Torrecillas A., 2002. Comparative growth and water relations of
Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants during water
deficit conditions and recovery. Plant science (Shannon, Ireland),
162 (1):107-113.
Vuillemin J., Bulard C., 1981. Ecophysiologie de la germination de
Cistus albidus L. et Cistus monspeliensis L. .Naturalia
monspeliensia. Serie botanique, 46, 11 p.
C. salviaefolius
Bibliografia Cistus http://www.inea.it/istflo/wkgrmedi/bibliocistus.htm#albidus
7 of 7 29/11/2004 10:05 µµ
Leduc J.P., Dexheimer J., Chevalier G., 1985. Etude ultrastructurale
comparee des associations de Terfezia leptoderma avec
Helianthemum salicifolium, Cistus albidus et Cistus
salviaefolius. Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on
Mycorrhizae, Dijon, 1-5 July 1985, 291-295.
Ulteriore bibliografia
Inizio pagina
Home page Gruppo di Lavoro "Germoplasma Mediterraneo"
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